The Stratigraphic Record of Pre-breakup Geodynamics: Evidence from the Barrow Delta, offshore Northwest Australia

The structural and stratigraphic evolution of rift basins and passive margins has been widely studied, with many analyses demonstrating that delta systems can provide important records of post-rift geodynamic processes. However, the apparent lack of ancient syn-breakup delta systems and the paucity of seismic imaging across continent-ocean boundaries means the transition from continental rifting to oceanic spreading remains poorly understood. The Early Cretaceous Barrow Group of the North Carnarvon Basin, offshore NW Australia was a major deltaic system that formed during the latter stages of continental rifting, and represents a rich sedimentary archive, documenting uplift, subsidence and erosion of the margin. We use a regional database of 2D and 3D seismic and well data to constrain the internal architecture of the Barrow Group. Our results highlight three major depocentres: the Exmouth and Barrow sub-basins, and southern Exmouth Plateau. Over-compaction of pre-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in the South Carnarvon Basin, and pervasive reworking of Permian and Triassic palynomorphs in the offshore Barrow Group, suggests that the onshore South Carnarvon Basin originally contained a thicker sedimentary succession, which was uplifted and eroded prior to breakup. Backstripping of sedimentary successions encountered in wells in the Exmouth Plateau depocentre indicate anomalously rapid tectonic subsidence (≤0.24 mm yr-1) accommodated Barrow Group deposition, despite evidence for minimal, contemporaneous upper crustal extension. Our results suggest that classic models of uniform extension cannot account for the observations of uplift and subsidence in the North Carnarvon Basin, and may indicate a period of depth-dependent extension or dynamic topography preceding breakup

Normal fault growth in continental rifting: insights from changes in displacement and length fault populations due to increasing extension in the Central Kenya Rift

This study examines the scaling relationship between fault length and displacement for the purpose of gaining a better understanding of the evolution of normal faults within the central Kenya Rift. 620 normal faults were manually mapped from a digital elevation model (DEM), with 30 m2 resolution and an estimated maximum displacement of ~40–~6030 m and fault lengths of 1270 ‐ 60,600 m. To assess the contribution of fault populations to the strain accommodation from south to north, the study area has been divided into three zones of fault populations based upon their average fault orientations; zone 1 in the north is dominated by NNE striking faults, zone 2 in the centre of the rift is characterised by NNW to NNE fault trends, whereas zone 3 in the south is characterised by NNW striking fault systems. Extensional strain was estimated by summing fault heaves across six transects along the rift, which showed a progressive increase of strain from south to north. The fault length and displacement data in the three zones fit to a power law distribution. The cumulative distributions of fault length populations showed similar fractal dimension (D) in the three zones. The cumulative displacement distributions for the three zones showed a decrease in the Power-law fractal dimension with increasing strain, which implies that the strain is increasingly localized onto larger faults as the fault system becomes more evolved from south to north. Increasing displacement with increasing strain while the fault length remains almost constant may indicate that the fault system could be evolving in accordance with a constant length fault growth model, where faults lengthen quickly and then accrue displacement. Results of this study suggest that the process of progressively increasing fault system maturity and strain localization onto large faults can be observed even over a relatively small area (240 × 150 km) within the rift system. It is also suggested that patterns of fault growth can be deduced from the fractal dimension of cumulative distribution of fault size populations

Antarctic surface hydrology and impacts on ice-sheet mass balance

Melting is pervasive along the ice surrounding Antarctica. On the surface of the grounded ice sheet and floating ice shelves, extensive networks of lakes, streams and rivers both store and transport water. As melting increases with a warming climate, the surface hydrology of Antarctica in some regions could resemble Greenland’s present-day ablation and percolation zones. Drawing on observations of widespread Antarctica surface water and decades of study in Greenland, we consider three modes by which meltwater could impact Antarctic mass balance: increased runoff, meltwater injection to the bed, and meltwater-induced ice-shelf fracture, all of which may contribute to future ice sheet mass loss from Antarctica

The androgen receptor and signal-transduction pathways in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Part 2: androgen-receptor cofactors and bypass pathways

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in men from the western world. Treatment of prostate cancer has relied on androgen deprivation therapy for the past 50 years. Response rates are initially high (70-80%), however almost all patients develop androgen escape and subsequently die within 1-2 years. Unlike breast cancer, alternative approaches (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) do not increase survival time. The high rate of prostate cancer mortality is therefore strongly linked to both development of androgen escape and the lack of alternate therapies. AR mutations and amplifications can not explain all cases of androgen escape and post-translational modification of the AR has become an alternative theory. However recently it has been suggested that AR co-activators e.g. SRC-1 or pathways the bypass the AR (Ras/MAP kinase or PI3K/Akt) may stimulated prostate cancer progression independent of the AR. This review will focus on how AR coactivators may act to increase AR transactivation during sub-optimal DHT concentrations and also how signal transduction pathways may promote androgen escape via activation of transcription factors, e.g. AP-1, c-Myc and Myb, that induce cell proliferation or inhibit apoptosis

Internal transport barriers in the National Spherical Torus Experiment

In the National Spherical Torus Experiment [M. Ono , Nucl. Fusion 41, 1435 (2001)], internal transport barriers (ITBs) are observed in reversed (negative) shear discharges where diffusivities for electron and ion thermal channels and momentum are reduced. While neutral beam heating can produce ITBs in both electron and ion channels, high harmonic fast wave heating can also produce electron ITBs (e-ITBs) under reversed magnetic shear conditions without momentum input. Interestingly, the location of the e-ITB does not necessarily match that of the ion ITB (i-ITB). The e-ITB location correlates best with the magnetic shear minima location determined by motional Stark effect constrained equilibria, whereas the i-ITB location better correlates with the location of maximum ExB shearing rate. Measured electron temperature gradients in the e-ITB can exceed critical gradients for the onset of electron thermal gradient microinstabilities calculated by linear gyrokinetic codes. A high-k microwave scattering diagnostic shows locally reduced density fluctuations at wave numbers characteristic of electron turbulence for discharges with strongly negative magnetic shear versus weakly negative or positive magnetic shear. Reductions in fluctuation amplitude are found to be correlated with the local value of magnetic shear. These results are consistent with nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations predicting a reduction in electron turbulence under negative magnetic shear conditions despite exceeding critical gradients.X1128sciescopu

Parental absence in early childhood and onset of smoking and alcohol consumption before adolescence

Background: Parental absence, due to death or separation from a parent, has been associated with smoking and alcohol consumption in adolescence and adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether parental absence in early childhood was associated with smoking and alcohol uptake before adolescence. / Methods: Data on 10,940 children from the UK’s Millennium Cohort Study were used. Logistic regression was used to test associations between parental absence (0-7 years) and reports of smoking and alcohol consumption at age 11. / Results: Children who experienced parental absence were more likely to have smoked (OR=2.58, 95% CI: 1.88, 3.56) and consumed alcohol (OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.72). No differences were found by child sex or age, or parent absent. Children who experienced parental death were less likely to have drunk alcohol but those who had were more likely to have consumed enough to feel drunk. / Conclusions: Parental absence was associated with early uptake of risky health behaviours in a large, nationally representative UK cohort. Children who experience parental absence should be supported in early life in order to prevent smoking and alcohol initiation

Active normal faults and coupled landscape response: bedrock variability in the southern Gulf of Corinth, central Greece

Fluvial erosion processes control landscape response to climatic and tectonic signals and its propagation into sedimentary basins. Considerable effort has gone into quantifying and modelling the effect of changes in uplift rates on fluvial erosion in bedrock rivers. However, current landscape models, based on stream power, tend to ignore the effects bedrock variability. The lack of available data relating rock strength to bedrock erodibility in fluvial settings has limited our ability to explore this question. Recent attempts at modelling to resolve this issue rely on indirect or theoretical rock strength properties. An alternative approach requires field measurements of rock strength together with geomorphological and tectonic constraints to quantify the effect of rock strength on river evolution. The Gulf of Corinth, central Greece, is one of the fastest extending rifts in the world and tectonic boundary conditions are well constrained. We (1) review published constraints on uplift along the active normal faults on the southern coast of the Gulf, and project uplift away from the faults into three catchments using a viscoelastic dislocation model; (2) test how channel width and slope vary in these rivers upstream of the active faults, and we use this data to estimate the distribution of stream power down-system; (3) systematically measure rock strength, using a Schmidt hammer, to constrain its effect on river response to uplift. All the rivers have knickpoints upstream of the active faults and we show they are responding transiently to active faulting. By assuming that our derived uplift rate equals stream power-driven erosion rate we calculate the erodibility, k, of bedrock. We demonstrate that stream powers in rivers crossing faults in the southern Gulf of Corinth correlate with rock strength and derive a non-linear power relationship between bedrock erodibility k and Schmidt hammer rebound. These findings highlight the need to incorporate bedrock variability into stream power erosion models

Electron gyroscale fluctuation measurements in National Spherical Torus Experiment H-mode plasmas

A collective scattering system has measured electron gyroscale fluctuations in National Spherical Torus Experiment [M. Ono et al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 557 (2000)] H-mode plasmas to investigate electron temperature gradient (ETG) turbulence. Observations and results pertaining to fluctuation measurements in ETG-stable regimes, the toroidal field scaling of fluctuation amplitudes, the relation between fluctuation amplitudes and transport quantities, and fluctuation magnitudes and k-spectra are presented. Collectively, the measurements provide insight and guidance for understanding ETG turbulence and anomalous electron thermal transport. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3262530]X116sciescopu

Basement structure and its influence on the structural configuration of the northern North Sea

The northern North Sea rift basin developed on a heterogeneous crust comprising structures inherited from the Caledonian orogeny and Devonian postorogenic extension. Integrating two-dimensional regional seismic reflection data and information from basement wells, we investigate the prerift structural configuration in the northern North Sea rift. Three seismic facies have been defined below the base rift surface: (1) relatively low-amplitude and low-frequency reflections, interpreted as pre-Caledonian metasediments, Caledonian nappes, and/or Devonian clastic sediments; (2) packages of high-amplitude dipping reflections (>500 ms thick), interpreted as basement shear zones; and (3) medium-amplitude and high-frequency reflections interpreted as less sheared crystalline basement of Proterozoic and Paleozoic (Caledonian) origin. Some zones of Seismic Facies 2 can be linked to onshore Devonian shear zones, whereas others are restricted to the offshore rift area. Interpreted offshore shear zones dip S, ESE, and WNW in contrast to W to NW dipping shear zones onshore West Norway. Our results indicate that Devonian strain and ductile deformation was distributed throughout the Caledonian orogenic belt from central South Norway to the Shetland Platform. Most of the Devonian basins related to this extension are, however, removed by erosion during subsequent exhumation. Basement shear zones reactivated during the rifting and locally control the location and geometry of rift depocenters, e.g., in the Stord and East Shetland basins. Prerift structures with present-day dips >15° were reactivated, although some of the basement shear zones are displaced by rift faults regardless of their orientation relative to rift extension direction